Predators in the city

Rapid urbanization is driving biodiversity loss through habitat fragmentation. In cities, the lack of predators causes ecological imbalances, allowing pests to thrive. This project explores reintroducing the Martes fiona (stone marten) as a natural control for Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) in Rotterdam, a city where both problem and solution meet. The research examines how landscape architecture often overlooks predator-prey dynamics and human perceptions of wildlife, answering: How can landscape architects redesign urban open spaces to safely support a stone marten population?

The project’s primary objective is to develop design principles, guidelines, and criteria for a marten-aided design, with a focus on the habitat requirements of the stone marten. Key challenges include addressing the controversial relationship with humans and the potential effects of induced predation on brown rat populations. The design framework integrates species-specific needs within a confined urban open space system, aiming to establish stable population dynamics and limit the risk of overpopulation. Typologies of urban green infrastructure were analyzed to bridge the gap between behavioral ecology and landscape design. Through an iterative ‘Research through Design’ process, these principles were applied to Rotterdam, connecting existing marten territories with rat-infested public spaces. City-scale design alternatives for an ecological marten network were developed and reviewed by an expert panel of ecologists and municipal planners. At the park scale, design strategies focused on integrating marten habitats within the urban grid using tangible interventions. To sustain a viable marten population, all life-history needs must be met within a single, well-designed habitat. Food sources and shelter for pests can be reduced by creating a landscape of fear. Urban greenery is divided into areas of ecological and social significance, fostering a co-occurrence between humans and martens. Low-quality habitat dividers ensure separation between areas, promoting predator control and human safety. This work reimagines the built environment to enhance animal livability, proposing interventions that, while species-specific, also improve ecosystem services for both humans and other mammals.